{"id":163,"date":"2023-04-26T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-26T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forecastingresearch.org\/?post_type=research&#038;p=163"},"modified":"2026-04-17T17:41:31","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T17:41:31","slug":"longrange-subjective-probability-forecasts-of-slowmotion-variables-in-world-politics","status":"publish","type":"research","link":"https:\/\/forecastingresearch.org\/research\/longrange-subjective-probability-forecasts-of-slowmotion-variables-in-world-politics","title":{"rendered":"Long\u2010range subjective\u2010probability forecasts of slow-motion variables in world politics: Exploring limits on expert judgment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Skeptics see long-range geopolitical forecasting as quixotic. A more nuanced view is that although predictability tends to decline over time, its rate of descent is variable. The current study gives geopolitical forecasters a sporting chance by focusing on slow-motion variables with low base rates of change. Analyses of 5, 10, and 25-year cumulative-risk judgments made in 1988 and 1997 revealed: (a) specialists beat generalists at predicting nuclear proliferation but not shifting nation-state boundaries; (b) some counterfactual interventions\u2014for example, Iran gets the bomb before 2022\u2014boosted experts\u2019 edge but others\u2014for example, nuclear war before 2022\u2014eliminated it; (c) accuracy fell faster on topics where expertise conferred no edge in shorter-range forecasts. To accelerate scientific progress, we propose adversarial collaborations in which clashing schools of thought negotiate Bayesian reputational bets on divisive issues and use Lakatosian scorecards to incentivize the honoring of bets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"btn orange\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fffo2.157\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Published in Futures &amp; Foresight Science <svg width=\"7\" height=\"9\" viewBox=\"0 0 7 9\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M0.000156283 8.60806L4.22416 4.33606V4.24006L0.000156283 6.10352e-05H1.80816L6.06416 4.28806L1.80816 8.60806H0.000156283Z\" fill=\"#102B23\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n<svg width=\"8\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M0.601719 8.85794L4.82572 4.58594V4.48994L0.601719 0.249939H2.40972L6.66572 4.53794L2.40972 8.85794H0.601719Z\" fill=\"#102B23\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"We propose adversarial collaborations in which clashing schools of thought negotiate Bayesian reputational bets on divisive issues and use Lakatosian scorecards to incentivize the honoring of bets.","protected":false},"featured_media":973,"template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"research_type":[5],"class_list":["post-163","research","type-research","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","research_type-academic-article"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Long\u2010range subjective\u2010probability forecasts of slow-motion variables in world politics: Exploring limits on expert judgment &#8211; Forecasting Research Institute<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/forecastingresearch.org\/research\/longrange-subjective-probability-forecasts-of-slowmotion-variables-in-world-politics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Long\u2010range subjective\u2010probability forecasts of slow-motion variables in world politics: Exploring limits on expert judgment &#8211; Forecasting Research Institute\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We propose adversarial collaborations in which clashing schools of thought negotiate Bayesian reputational bets on divisive issues and use Lakatosian scorecards to incentivize the honoring of bets.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/forecastingresearch.org\/research\/longrange-subjective-probability-forecasts-of-slowmotion-variables-in-world-politics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Forecasting Research Institute\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-17T17:41:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/forecastingresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/illustration_Midjourney_forecasts-world-politics.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1607\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/forecastingresearch.org\\\/research\\\/longrange-subjective-probability-forecasts-of-slowmotion-variables-in-world-politics\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/forecastingresearch.org\\\/research\\\/longrange-subjective-probability-forecasts-of-slowmotion-variables-in-world-politics\",\"name\":\"Long\u2010range subjective\u2010probability forecasts of slow-motion variables in world politics: Exploring limits on expert judgment &#8211; 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